Is Sharing and Teamwork Possible Without Using OneDrive?

Basically yes, but not with all OneNote versions. Some of them are supporting Sharepoint as a storage location and platform. Only OneNote for Windows in a version installed with MS Office can also save to a network share (such as a shared folder on a LAN server or NAS). In that case the file and folder access rights  determine who can view and edit the notebooks. However, all participants must use OneNote 2010/2013/2016 in an Office version. Mobile apps or the OneNote UWP app for Windows 10 are excluded.